Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria)
Synonyms: common agrimony, church steeples, cockeburr, cocklebur, stickwort, sticklewort
Description: This perennial grows up to 1-2 feet tall. Its reddish-black creeping rootstock produces a hairy erect stem which bears leaves that can be 8 inches at the bottom of the stalk and up to 3 inches near the top of the stem. The leaves are oblong-oval in shape, pinnate and alternate along the stalk; they are toothed along the margins. The leaves and stems are deep green and have an odor similar to apricots. The flowers grow on terminal spikes, are 3/8 of an inch long with five petals and are bright yellow. The seeds are enclosed within a circular capsule of hooked spines.
.
Parts used: dried aerial parts
Collection: just before, or during the flowering period
Actions: mild astringent, bitter tonic, diuretic, hepatic, mild astringent, digestive tonic, antidiarrhoeic, haemostatic, cholagogue, reputed antiviral.
Taste: Astringant, bitter, mucinagous.
Indications: diarrhea in children, sore throat, mucous colitis, grumbling appendicitis, cirrhosis of the liver, urinary incontinence, cystitis, chronic cholecystopathies with decreased stomach acid, indigestion, gall bladder disorders including gallstones. Indicated in persons who are tense or anxious; specifically tension in neck and shoulder musles. Used traditionally for gout, rhumatoid arthritis. An anti-parasitic, and stops bleeding in small wounds.
Caution: Should not be taken if constipated or if pregnant. Can affect prescription antidepressants including SSRI’s and MAO inhibitors, as well as anti-coagulants such as coumadin.
Preparation and Dosage: TID
Dried herb: 2-4g or by infusion
Tincture: 1:5 in 45% alcohol, 1-4ml. up to 30 drops up to 4 times a day.
Additional comments and history Gerard informs us, at one time called Philanthropos, according to some writers, on account of its beneficent and valuable properties, others saying that the name arose from the circumstance of the seeds clinging to the garments of passers-by. The Anglo-Saxons, who called it “garclive”, applied it to wounds and believed it could cure warts and snakebites. It is still an ingredient of 'spring tonics' in many parts of Europe and a popular tisane in
Synonyms and Common names: Angelica root, root of the holy ghost, angelique, wild angelica, Dong quai.
Descripton -Angelica is a plant that grows to 5-6 feet tall. Its biennial root is fleshy, spindle shaped, thick and long, The color externally is gray-brown, and it is whitish or yellowish-white within and has a pungent smell as does the entire plant. From the top of the root a stem grows and it is purple, hollow and fluted on the external surface. The leaves are bright green, large, borne on hollow stalks and can get up to 3 feet in length. They are bipinnate, with a lance-ovate serated leaflets with finly toothed margins. The flowers are greenish yellow, small, and numerous they form umbels which are grouped into a larger semi-globular grouping. These flower groupings grow on top of a hollow stem that projects off the main stem. The flowers bloom in June or July and produce pale yellow oblong seeds 1/6-1/4 inch long that has three ribs on the convex serface.
Parts used, roots, and stems.
Collection: Collect the first year root during the mid to late fall.
Indications: Indigestion, acid reflux, edema, arthritis, menstral pain, PMS, headaches, back pain, osteoporosis, hay fever, asthma, chronic bronchitis or COPD, eczema, hypertention, mild blood thinner, creates a distaste for alcohol, dyspepsia.
Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Historically used externally for skin cancers, swellings, bruises, gout, and malaria. Has been shown to inhibit platlet aggragation, in studies with mice it has been shown to be effective on skin cancers. Angelica is still used as a flavoring in candies and cough syrups. The candied stem and root can be eated as a natural candy.
Preparation and Dosage: TID
Dried root: 4.5 gms
Tincture: (1:5 in 45%) 2-5 ml tincture.
Additional comments and history - In Pomerania and
the name of this plant is that it blooms on the day of Michael the
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
Synonyms: European barberry, common barberry, berbery, jaundice berry, pepperidge, pepperidge bush, pipperidge bush, sowberry
Description: Berberis is a thorned deciduous shrub with yellow wood growing up to 8 feet in height. It has arched and hanging branches, with clusters of alternate, acidic tasting,stiff, green, and toothed leaves. The small pale yellowish-green flowers, which have an unpleasant putrid smell, occur in elegant drooping racemes along the branches. These later give way to small red oblong berries approx. ½ inch long. It grows in thickets and open woods in Europe and
Parts used: Bark of root or stem
Collection: The roots are unearthed in March or November and the stem bark is collected at the same time.
Taste: Biter
Indications: cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, jaundice, Leishmaniasis, malaria, gallbladder disease, gallstones, hepatitis, Constipation from liver disease, psorisis, czema.
Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Barbarry is an excellent remedy for correcting liver conjestion and promoting bile flow. It is used in conditions marked by poor digestive function with a history of alcohol abuse, or excessive exposure to drugs, chemicals or industrial pollutants. It is indicated in inflammation of the gall bladder and gallstones. As a bitter tonic with mild laxative effects, it is used with weak or debilitated people to strengthen and cleanse the system.
Caution: Avoid during pregnancy as the alkaloid berberine is a uterine stimulant. Excessive doses should be avoided.
Preparation and Dosage: TID
Dried bark: 1-2g or by decoction
Tincture:
Additional comments and history: The Italians call the barberry Holy Thorn, because of the belief that it formed part of the Crown of Thorns. Berberis is the Arabic name for the fruit. The roots produce a yellow dye in wool and leather. The Egyptians still use a diluted juice of the berries in resistant fevers. The berries can be dried and used in cooking and will add a tart tast to foods. Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosis) Synonyms: Kelp, black tang, rockweed, sea wrack, kelp-ware, bladder fucus, cutweed, Quercus marina, cutweed, blasentang, seetang, meeriche Description: Fucus is a common seaweed that grows long ribbons, each about 30 inches long and 4 inches across. The ribbions are leathery, shiny, olive-green to yellow-brown; down the centre of each ribbon is a midrib. On either side of the ribbion about midway down are air-filled bladders called floats which keep the alga floating up from its rocky anchorages. The plant can grow up to 125 feet in length, and is harvested using special machines in the ocean. Parts used: The whole plant Collection: It is best to collect bladderwrack from the sea in its healthy, live state than to gather it from beaches. It should be dried as soon as possible in low heat. Actions: Anti-hypothyroid, thyroactive, anti-obesic (when related to low thyroid) , antirheumatic, demulcent, gentle metabolic stimulant, nutritive, adaptagen, thyroid tonic, anti-inflammatory Taste: Salty, sweet Indications: myxoedema, lymphadenoid goitre, obesity, hypothyroid, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Kelp, rich in iodine and micro-nutrients regulates the thyroid gland, thereby increasing basal metabolism. It is a useful remedy in the treatment of hypothyroidism, goitre myxoedema and lymphadenoid goitre. Kelp also assists in reducing obesity, especially where it is associated with thyroid dysfunction. It has a reputation of relieveing of rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis and may be used both internally and as an external compress for inflamed joints.. Caution: Fucus should not be used in cases of hyperthyroidism, cardiac problems (especially tachycardia or SVT), during pregnancy and lactation. Excessive dosage may lead to hyperthyroidism, tremor, increased pulse rate and elevated blood pressure. Do not collect near shore, due to the high level of heavy metals in the water near land masses. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried thallus: 5-10g or by infusion Tincture: 4-8ml ***Additional comments and history: This seaweed was the original source of iodine, discovered in 1812 and was used extensively to treat goitre, a swelling of the thyroid related to lack of iodine. Can be used as a salt substitute and nutritional supplement in cooking as well as a fertilizer in acidic soils. Borage (Borago officinalis) Synonyms and Common names: Burrage, common bugloss, star flower, beebread, bee plant Description: Borage is an annual, with stalked, ovate to basal leaves up to 5 inches long. The leaves are dark green on the top and silver tinged on the bottom. The entire plant is covered in erect white hairs. The bright blue, star-shaped flowers, up to 1 inch across, grow in at the top of the stem. The corolla has five spreading, lanceolate, anthers which form a central cone. Parts used: leaves, flowers, seed oil Collection: The flowers are collected between April and September, the seeds when ripe in the autumn. The leaves should be gathered in the autumn, after flowering. Taste: Salty Indications: Arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pyrexia, colds, flu, pulmonary disease including COPD and Cystic Fibrosis. Used to treat high cholesterol, hypertention, depression and helps produce lactation. Use externally as a poultice for skin diseases such as eczema and rashes. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: This plant balances out the production of adrenaline which is effective for people with a low adrenaline response (fight or flight), or for those people whos adrenals have been worn out due to stress, caffine, or steroid therapy. The leaves and flowers can be taken as a tea during stressful situations to both relax and refocus. Borage also releves mild depression brough about by hormonal changes such as puberty and menopause. Clinical trials have shown that borage seed oil reduces cardiovascular reactions to a stress responce by reducing the systolic blood pressure and the heart rate. Caution: Use the herb in small amounts due to its pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, but at therapeutic dosages it should be perfectly safe to use. Use the herb no more then 2 weeks. These restrictions do not apply to the seed oil. Do not use if pregnant or breast feeding. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried leaf and flower: 1-2g. Tincture: 1-4ml. **Additional comments and history: John Evelyn, a seventeenth century diarist, wrote that borage ‘was of known virtue to revive the hypochondriac and cheer the hard student’. Gerard recommended its use ‘to exhilerate and make the mind glad ….. and drive away all sadnesse, dulnesse and melancholy’, and said that ‘a syrup made of the flowers of borage comforteth the heart, purgeth melancholy, and quieteth the phreneticke or lunaticke person’. Calendula officinalis (Calendula) Synonyms and Common names: Pot marigold, Mary bud, Mary gold, gold bloom, Garden marigold, holigold, golds, ruddes, ruddles, Mary Gowles, Oculus Christi Description: Calendula is an annual plant with angular branched stems and has prominent pale green spatulate sessile leaves with widely spaced border teeth which alternate along stem. The whole plant stands 1-2 feet tall. The bright orange or yellow many petaled flower rays are borne on a crown-shaped floret and, as the petals drop off, a circular corona of seeds remains. Parts used: dried flower heads or petals Collection: The whole flower tops or just the petals are collected between June and September. To prevent discolouration, they should be carefully air dried and stored in well-sealed containers. Taste: Pungent Indications: Lymphadema, antiviral and immunostimulating effects especially in HIV, AIDS, and herpes. Used as a wash to treat conjunctivitis, burns, bruises, cuts, dermatitis, wound healing, , leg ulcers, rashes, varicose veins, hemorrhoid, anal fissures, mastitis, sebaceous cysts, impetigo or other inflamed cutaneous lesions. Internally calendula induce menses, produces sweat during fevers, cures jaundice, pharyngitis it also promotes blood clotting, and reduces subdermal broken capillaries. It is a specific remady in treating enlarged or inflamed lymphatic nodes. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Calendula is an extremely effective herb for the treatment of skin problems and can be used wherever there is inflammation of the skin, whether due to infection or physical damage. It is especially useful in the treatment of slow-healing wounds and skin ulcers or as a first aid treatment of minor burns and scalds. Calendula’s healing action seems to remain local when applied topically. The sap from the stem has been historically used to remove warts, corns and calluses. The plant acts against fungal, protozoal, bacterial and viral infections. Taken internally, Calendula is of benefit in digestive inflammation like gastric or duodenal ulcers and diverticulitis. As an emmenagogue, Calendula can be of benefit in the treatment of delayed menstruation and dysmenorrhoea. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried flowers: 1-2g or by infusion Tincture: 1:5 5-10 ml. Additional comments and history: In the 12th century Macer wrote that merely looking at the plant would improve the eyesight, clear the head and encourage cheerfulness. Culpeper recommended it to 'strengthen the heart', and it was highly regarded in the treatment of smallpox and measles. Used historically as "poor man's saffron," calendula adds both color and a saffron-like flavor to foods, The name, calendula, refers to the plant's tendency to bloom in accordance with the calendar Chamomile, German (Matricaria chamomilla) Description- The flower-heads are smaller than a daisy, with a convex, yellow disk and numerous white, spreading, or reflexed rays that face downward. The head is subglobular about ¾ inches wide The flower rays are white, strap-shaped, and tridentate, about fifteen in number when wild (usually in a single row). The ovate seeds are flat and numerous. This plant is an annual but freely reseeds itself yearly. Parts Used: Flower tops Collection: Summer when the plant blooms.. Taste: Bitter, sweet. Indications: Dyspepsia, weak digestion weak or irritable stomach, diverticuticulitis, flatulence, colic, cramp in the stomach or uterus, hysteria, nervous diseases, and painful or delayed dysmenorrha due to stress or nervousness. Rheumatism, inflammation of the siatic nerve, and neuralgia. A poultice of chamomile flowers is said to prevent and cure gangrene. Styes and conjunctivitis when applied topically. Teething, irritability, restlessness in toddlers. Skin rashes, ecezema. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Animal studies have shown anti-allergenic, inflammatory, antidiuretic, sedative and anti-tumor activites. Caution: allergy to chamomile and or other plant in the composite family. Preparation and Dosage: TID Tincture: 1-4 ml. Herb: 2-5 grams Additional comments and history: The eygyptions revered it as a sacred plant and dedicated to their Gods. Such a common nd important plant in old English herbals that they often failed to describe its features as they were so well known. Used as a strewing herb in the idle ages because of its apple-like smell. May also be use to makr herbal beers. Dandilion (Taraxacum officinale ) Synonyms: Lion's tooth, fairy clock, blowball, Pise-en-lit, pee-the-bed, cankerwort, priest's crown, puffball, swine snout, white endive, wild endive. Description: Dandiolion starts out as a rosette of characteristic 'lion's tooth' leaves, from the centre of which arises the hollow stem bearing the yellow flowerhead made up of 200 or more ligulate bisexual florets. These give way to the familiar 'fairy clock'. The long taproot arises from a short rhizome. All the underground parts are covered with a dark brown bark, but are almost white inside and, like the stem, produce a bitter-tasting white milky sap. Parts used: Leaves, flowers, and root Collection: the leaves are collected before flowering in May. The root is unearthed in autumn for the bitter properties, or in spring for a high inulin properties. The root should be collected no later than the second year. The flowers should be collected in the spring on the first day they open if possible. Taste leaf: salty, bitter Taste root: bitter Taste flower: bitter, astringant Indications: Leaf: oedema, oliguria, kidney disease, edema. Root: cholecystitis, gall-stones, jaundice, atonic dyspepsia with constipation, hepatitis, congested liver or asites. Flowers: Gallstones, indigestion related to intake of fatty foods, spastic gallbladder. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Dandilion leaf is a very potent diuretic and is an excellent remedy for water retention and oedema, particularly when it is of cardiac origin, or ascites. Its action is comparable to alliopthic diuretics without the potassium loss. Dandilion leaf may be applied to urinary disorders in general, especially where worsened by the presence of oliguria. Dandilion root is a liver tonic and may be used to treat inflammation and congestion of the liver and gall bladder. It can be used to treat gallstones, cholecystitis, hepatic and post-hepatic jaundice, congestive dyspepsia with constipation and other toxic conditions such as chronic joint and skin inflammations. The white sap of te plant, may be applied directly to warts as an escarotic. Caution: Taraxacum is contraindicated where there is occlusion of the bile ducts or gall bladder empyema. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 4-10g or by infusion Tincture: 1:5 in 25% alcohol, 2-5ml Dried root: 3-5g or by infusion or decoction Tincture: 1:5 in 45% alcohol, 5-10ml Dried Flowers: 2-4g infusion Tincture, 1:4 5-10ml. Additional comments and history: Dandelion was first mentioned in Chinese herbals as late as the 7th century, and in Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) Synonyms: Purple coneflower, black sampson, Description: Echinacea is a perennial herb, up to 2 feet tall, with simple rough stems, hollow near the base and thickening slightly close to the flowerhead. The leaves are elongated, elliptical with margins that are covered with coarse hairs. The defining feature of the flower is its protruding cone which is surrounded by rough hairy bracts and downturned light purple ray florets. The branched and tapered root is greyish-brown. Parts used: Root and rhizome Collection: The roots are unearthed in the autumn after flowering of a 4 year old plant. Taste: Bitter and numbing. Indications: boils, septicaemia, naso-pharyngeal catarrh, pyorrhoea, tonsillitis, tooth absess or pain, gingivitis. Therapeutics and Pharmacology:Echinacea, having both an antibacterial and antiviral action, is one of the best remedies for helping the body rid itself of microbial infections Research has demonstrated that Echinacea stimulates the production of T-cells and increase other natural killer cell activity and white blood cells to fight infection. It may be used in the treatment of boils, abscesses, carbuncles, septicaemia and other such deep infections. It should be taken in small, frequent doses as soon as flu-like symptoms appear. It is of particular value in laryngitis, tonsillitis, and catarrhal conditions of the nose and sinus. The tincture or decoction may be used as a mouthwash in the treatment of tooth or gum disease. Echinacea applied topically can help relieve the itching of urticaria and this treatment is also useful for stings and bites. Caution: Do not use in pregnancy. High doses can occasionally cause nausea and dizziness. Echinecia should not be taken for more then 12 concurrant weeks. Strong caution in auto-immune disease such as Lupus, MS, and RA. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 1g or by infusion or decoction Tincture: 1:5 in 45% alcohol: 1-2ml (can be used hourly up to 8 hours daily for 3 days at the onset of cold of flu symptoms). Additional comments and history: Echinacea one of the best blood purifiers and an effective antibiotic. It activates the body's immune system increasing the chances of fighting off any disease. This popular herb has been used to help ward off the common cold and to relieve the symptoms of hay fever. Echinacea was much valued by Native Americans and early settlers as a remedy for snakebite, fevers, toothaches,mumps, smallpox, and measles and for cleansing and healing suppurative wounds. Echinacea aids in the production of interferon and increases antiviral activity against, influenza (flu), herpes and is currently being studied as an herb to help reduce viral loads of patients who have HIV or AIDS. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) Synonyms and Common names Featherfew, Featherfoil, Midsummer daisy, Bachelor’s buttons, Altamisa, nosebleed, flirtwort Description: Tanacetum parthenium is a perennial which grows up to 60cm tall, with a downy erect stem. The yellowish-green leaves are alternate, stalked, ovate and pinnately divided with an entire or crenate margin. The flowers, about 2cm in diameter, are arranged in corymbs of up to 30 heads, with white ray florets, yellow disc florets, and downy involucral bracts. The taste is bitter, the odour strongly aromatic Parts used: Leaves Collection: The leaves may be collected throughout spring and summer, but preferably before the flowering period. Taste: Salty, bitter Indications: Migraine prophylaxis, arthritic conditions Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Although this herb has long been used in migraine prophylaxis, confirmed by clinical studies, the precise mechanism of the action is not yet fully understood. It is thought that the prophylactic action is due to serotonin (5-HT) inhibition, possibly via the neutralisation of sulphydryl groups on specific enzymes that are fundamental to platelet aggregation and secretion. Abnormal platelet behaviour with the release of 5-HT has been implicated in migraine. Parthenolide also interferes with both the contractile and relaxant mechanisms in blood vessels. Many of the patients involved in the clinical trials for migraine prophylaxis also reported that feverfew helped their depression. It helps ease tinnitus and dizziness, and allays nausea and vomiting. Tanacetum parthenium has long been reputed to help relieve arthritis, particularly in the painful active inflammatory stage. The sesquiterpene lactones, and particularly parthenolide, have been shown to inhibit human blood platelet aggregation and secretory activity in platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (increased secretion is a feature of rheumatoid arthritis). However, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study over six weeks on 40 females with rheumatoid arthritis showed no beneficial effects. Caution: The fresh leaves can cause mouth ulceration or gastric disturbance so it is recommended that those taking the fresh leaf for migraine prophylaxis should take it with some bread. Contact allergy is rare. The herb is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its stimulating action on the uterus. Preparation and Dosage: Daily Dried herb: 50-200mg, usually as capsules or tablets Tincture: 1:5 in 25% alcohol, 5-20 drops Additional comments and history: Feverfew is a corruption of febrifuge. Culpeper wrote, ‘Venus commands this herb, and has commanded it to succour her sisters and be a general strengthener of their wombs’. Gerard recommended it as ‘very good for them that are giddie in the head, or which have the turning called Vertigo, that is, a swimming and turning in the head.’ Garlic (Allium sativum) Synonyms and Common names: Stinking radish, Poor man's treacle, champhor of the poor, necter of the Gods, stinking rose. Description: The bulb is compound, subspherical, covered with membranous scales. About 8 wedge-like, compressed bulblets, are arranged circularly around a central stem-base. The smaller bulbs are appressed laterally, and consist of succulent scales, enveloping a central, fleshy mass. Parts used: Bulb Collection: In the fall after the leaves start turning brown. Actions: mild astringent, tonic, diuretic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, antithrombic, lipid lowering, digestive tonic, antidiarrhoeic, haemostatic, cholagogue, stimulant, expectorant, antielmetic, circulation stimulant and rubefacient Taste: Pungent, mildly acrid. Indications: Antifungal, antiparasite, antibacterial, antispasmotic, antibiotic, expectorant, diaphoretic, hypotensive, antidiabetic, thrombletic Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Traditionally used in treating coughs, asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, pneumonia, sinusitis, hoarseness and respitory afflictions brought on by allergies. Works well to to lower blood pressure (in low dose), treat hyperlipidemia, and arteriosclerosis.Works on infections including fungal, protozoan, bacterial, and viral. Stimulates bile to increase the break down of fats, reduses constipation. As an anti-fungal it works to relieve athletes foot, systemic candida, vaginal trichomoniasis, vaginal yeast infections. Works well to reduce metal toxicity including mercury, aluminum, and lead. Caution: Large doses cause nausea, vomiting, purging, pregnancy lactation (changes odor of milk), Rhematism, hypoglycemia, brittle diabetics, insomnia, aldosterone insuffiency, impending surgery, concurrent use with blood thinners. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 1 tsp powdered herb Fresh: 1-3 cloves daily Tincture: 5-40 drops. Additional comments and history: Piliny, recommended garlic for over 60 ailments. Garlic was a valuable medicine in ancient Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacanthoides) Synonyms and Common names: Mayflower, May tree, Quickset, Whitethorn, Maybush, Mayblossom, Haw, Halves, Hagthorn, Ladies' Meat, Bread and Cheese tree, Pixie Pears, Cuckoo's Beads and Chucky Cheese Description: Crataegus is a deciduous shrubby tree that can grow to 30 feet tall. It has ½- 1 inch thorny shoots that alternate with leaves on smooth grey branches. The leaves are three-lobed stipulate leaves with teeth on the borders, medium green in color. Small white or pink five-petalled flowers with short triangular sepals are arranged in bunhes on long stalks, and have a musky smell to them when they bloom in May. The berry is red with white mealy flesh and a large stone. Parts used: Flowering tops, dried ripe fruits, leaves Collection: The flowering tops are harvested in spring, the berries in September and October. Taste: Sweet Indications: Cardiac failure or earlier myocardial weakness, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, Buerger's disease, paroxysmal tachycardia. Specifically indicated in hypertension with myocardial weakness, angina pectoris. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Crataegus is one of the tonics for the heart and circulation, acting upon the heart by either stimulating or depressing its activity depending upon the need. The precise mode of action which results in the dilating of the coronary blood supply and the tendency to slow down or stabilise the contractility of the heart muscle is not yet fully understood, but it is safe to use as a long-term treatment for a weak or failing heart, and has a beneficial effect on cardiac arrhythmias, especially extrasystoles and paroxysmal tachycardia. Crataegus is also a useful diuretic. As a tonic for the circulatory system Crataegus finds its primary use in the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and angina pectoris. It is also applicable to peripheral circulatory conditions, such as intermittent claudication and Raynaud's disease. Caution: Should only be used under qualified supervision. Crataegus may increase the effect of other cardioactive drugs taken simultaneously. Preparation and Dosage: TID Fruit: Dried fruits: 0.3-1g or by infusion Tincture: 1:5 in 45% alcohol, 1-2ml Leaves and flowers: 1g Tincture: 2.5 ml TID, then 2.5 ml. two times a day. Acute conditions 5 mls three times a day up to 1 month. Additional comments and history: Hawthorn was traditionally used in Lobelia (Lobelia inflata) Synonyms: lobelia, bladderpod, emetic herb, emetic weed, gagroot, vomitroot, vomitwort, pukeweed, wild tobacco, asthma weed, bladderpod, eyebright Description: This annual or biennial herb is indigenous to the eastern US and grows in meadows, pastures and cultivated fields. The erect, angular stem, growing up to 1m high, is hairy and contains a milky sap. The thin, light green leaves are alternate, hairy, ovate, and bluntly serrate. Numerous small, two-lipped, blue flowers grow in spike-like racemes from July to November. The fruit is a two-celled capsule filled with small brown seeds. Parts used: dried aerial parts, and seeds. Collection: after flowering, when the lower fruits are nearly ripe and dried (between August and September), the entire aerial plant including the seed pods should be collected. Taste: strongly astringent, bitter Indications: spasmodic asthma with secondary bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, spastic colon, spastic muscle conditions, topically for myositis, rheumatic nodules. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Lobelia's primary use is as an antispasmodic remedy in bronchitic asthma and bronchitis. In the past, it was also used to induce vomiting. The alkaloids have a paradoxical effect on the respiratory system - lobeline is a powerful respiratory stimulant whilst isolobelanine is an emetic and respiratory relaxant, stimulating catarrhal secretions and expectoration whilst relaxing the muscles of the respiratory system. At therapeutic levels, lobeline acts on the chemoreceptors of the glomus caroticus, causing reflex stimulation of the respiratory centre. Since it is rapidly metabolised, its effects are transitory when taken orally and topical application is often more effective. It has many of the pharmalogical properties of nicotine, first stimulating the central nervous system and then subsequently strongly depressing it. Lobelia has a relaxing and diffusive influence in inflamed, febrile, hypersensitive and irritable conditions, it has a generally depressant action on the central and autonomic nervous system and on neuro-muscular action. Externally, the plant can be made into a poultice or liniment for bruises, insect bites, sprains, ringworm, erysipelas and poison ivy irritation. Caution: Overdosage may cause nausea and vomiting, profuse sweating, paresis, tachycardia, hypotension and coma, fatalities have occurred. Contraindicated in pregnancy. Lobelia should be used only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 50-200mg or by infusion or decoction Tincture: 1:8 in 60% alcohol, 0.4-1.6ml Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) Synonyms: lion's ear, lion's tail, Roman motherwort, throw-wort Description: This is an erect perennial, 1-3 feet high, with prominent coarsely-toothed 5-7-lobed leaves. Whorls of white to pink flowers arise in the upper leaf axils, the calyx and later the seed case are notable for the border of prickly teeth which climbs the stem in rhythmic fashion. Leonurus grows in waste places and on forest edges throughout Parts used: aerial parts Collection: during the flowering period, between June and September Taste: Pungent, bitter. Indications: cardiac debility, simple tachycardia, hypertention, insomnia, amenorrhoea. Specifically indicated in cardiac symptoms associated with neurosis. Menopause with palpitations. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Leonurus is an excellent heart tonic, and research has shown that it is able to calm palpitations, tachycardia and irregular heartbeats. It is a specific remedy for tachycardia caused by anxiety, and may be used in all heart conditions associated with anxiety and tension. Treatment should normally be continued for several months. The alkaloid leonurine produces central nervous depressant and hypotensive effects in animals, and stachydrine may also be involved. The glycosides have a short-term ability to lower blood pressure. Leonurus is valuable in the stimulation of suppressed or delayed menstruation, and to ease dysmenorrhoea, especially where there is anxiety or tension involved. It may be used to ease false labour pains, and the infusion, taken after childbirth, will help restore the uterus and reduce the risk of post-partum bleeding. The alkaloids encourage and ease uterine contractions. It is also helpful during the menopause. The infusion or diluted tincture may be used as a douche for vaginal infections and discharges. Other indications include diarrhea. In Caution: Leonurus is a uterine stimulant and so should be avoided in pregnancy, although it may be used during labour. Stachydrine has the effect of hastening childbirth. Chinese research on L. heterophyllus has shown that decoctions of the plant are as effective as ergotamine in causing the uterus to contract after delivery. Contact with the plant may cause dermatitis in susceptible individuals. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 2-4g or by infusion Tincture: 1:5 in 45% alcohol, 2-6ml, 1:5 in 25% alcohol, 4-10ml Additional comments and history: An important herb since Roman times, the name Leonurus is derived from a Greek word meaning lion's tail, describing the shaggy shape of the leaves. The ancient Greeks used motherwort to relieve anxiety in new mothers. Early herbals recommend the plant for 'wykked sperytis'. Culpeper said, 'There is no better herb to drive melancholy vapours from the heart, to strengthen it and make the mind cheerful, blithe and merry. Chinese herbalists use the related species L. heterophyllus mainly for menstrual disorders, raised blood pressure, heart disease and conjunctivitis. The aerial parts (yi mu cao) are also used for eczema and sores, while the seeds (chong wei zi) are used for menstrual irregularities, and as a circulatory stimulant. They are also believed to act specifically on the liver, and are therefore especially effective on the eyes to 'brighten the vision'. A weak decoction of the seeds may be used in conjunctivitis, or sore and tired eyes. Nettles (Urtica dioica) Synonyms and Common names: Stinging nettle, common nettle Description: Nettles grows up to 6 feet tall often on the edge of rivers and in wet areas. It has a richly-branched yellow rhizome, which spreads which over large areas, and from which grow numerous erect, quadrangular stems which are covered with stining hairs. The opposite, stalked, cordate or lanceolate leaves are serrated at the margin and covered on both sides with stinging hairs. The flowers are unisexual, the plants dioecious, although monoecious ones do occur. The flowers are arranged in drooping panicles, growing in groups from the upper leaf axils. The male inflorescences are erect and shortly branched, with four perianth segments and four stamens. The female flowers have two perianth segments and a superior ovary with a stalkless stigma. Parts used: the leaves or aerial parts of young plants, roots Collection: the leaves are collected from June to August before flowering, the roots in spring and autumn. Taste: Saltly Indications: rheumatic conditions, uterine haemorrhage, cutaneous eruptions, infantile and psychogenic eczema, epistaxis, melaena. Specifically indicated in nervous eczema. The root is indicated in the symptomatic treatment of micturition disorders such as nocturia, pollakisuria, dysuria and urine retention and in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Urtica is rich in iron and vitamin C, making it a useful remedy in anaemia and other debilitated states, the presence of the vitamin C ensuring that the iron is properly absorbed. The herb has an important effect on the kidney and on fluid and uric acid excretion, so is of benefit in gout and other arthritic conditions, particularly if there is an element of anaemia. The painful, irritant effect of the sting is lost on drying or heating with water, but if preserved in cold alcoholic tincture the irritant action is preserved. A tincture of the fresh leaf applied locally to an inflamed joint will induce counter-irritation and produce reddening over the joint. Blood is thus flushed through the area and out to the surface of the skin, where the toxins may even be taken off in the fluid of a burst blister. Urtica is also of benefit in chronic skin conditions such as eczema, helping to cleanse the body of accumulated toxins. An infusion of the dried leaf is effective in helping to control dandruff and hair loss on the scalp. As a haemostatic and astringent, Urtica helps check wound bleeding and to treat menorrhagia, it is also used for hemorrhoid and can be taken internally to treat gastric and intestinal problems. The powdered leaves were traditionally used as a snuff to arrest nosebleeds. Urtica is known to stimulate milk flow in nursing mothers.It has been shown experimentally to have both hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic properties, the hypoglycaemic component being ‘urticin’. In a clinical trial, men with benign prostatic hypertrophy (Stages I and II) were treated with a dried standardised Urtica root extract for 20 weeks. A morphologically relevant effect on the prostate adenoma cells was found that may be due to competitive inhibition by the extract of the binding capacity of SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin). An increased binding capacity of SHBG to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone results in hyperplasia as a compensation for a decrease in hormones. Other clinical trials have reported improvements in urinary flow, and reduced urinary frequency, nocturia and residual urine after six months treatment. Caution: In a few individuals, exposure to the histamine in fresh nettles can be extremely dangerous. However, in the dried or cooked state nettles are completely non-toxic and may be eaten freely as a vegetable or drunk as an infusion. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 3-6g or by infusion Tincture 1:5 in 45% alcohol, 2-6ml Fresh juice: 5-10ml Additional comments and history: The Romans treated rheumatic conditions by flaying their joints with fresh nettles so as to stimulate blood circulation. Nettles are a good source of chlorophyll, and are a traditional spring tonic. In spring, the fresh green leaves can be cooked and eaten like spinach or made into a nutritious soup. Description- Ragweed is a tall, dark green annual, with an erect, branching, furrowed stem, from 5 to 10 feet in height. Its leaves are opposite, from 4 to 7 inches wide, hairy, with three large, deep lobes which are oval, lanceolate, acuminate, and closely serrated, the lower leaves are often 5-lobed. The flowers are small yellow green in color and grow on long, leafless spikes, axillary and terminal. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia is a much shorter plant only reaching heights of 3 feet. The stem is much branched starting at the base, is hairless, boththe leaves and stems of the young plants are light green and fade to a grey-green color with age. The leaves are opposite on the bottom of the plant but start alternating as one goes up the stem; they are compound and finley devided. The flowers are small and light green in color. Pollen from both species of plant is what people are usually allergic to. Parts Used: Leaves and stems. Collection: The leaves are collected in early summer before the flowering period. Indications: specific remady for ragweed allergy, stops bleeding in clean wounds. Therapeutics and Pharmacology - This plant is slightly stimulant, astringent, hemostatic, and antiseptic. It is the specific remady for curing ragweed allergies (MW). Cautions: Do not use in pregnancy or lactation Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 2-5g Tincture: 1:5 , 2-5ml. Additional comments and history - This plant grows along streams and on low embankments from Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) Synonyms: maypop, grenadille, granadilla, maracoc, passion vine, purple passionflower, apricot vine, water lemon. Description: Passion flower is a native of Parts used: Ariel parts including leaves. Collection: The leaves are collected before flowering, between May and July, or with the fruit after flowering. Indications: insomnia, sleep disorders, restlessness, irritability, nervousness, anxiety, neuralgia, generalised seizures, hysteria, nervous tachycardia, spasmodic asthma, nervous tension or spasm, Nervous headaches, vertigo associated with meniere’s disease, hypertension, palpitations, tachycardia brought on by anxiety, asthma, hyperactivity in children, ADHD, autism, Parkinson's disease, seizures, relief of nerve pain in neuralgia and shingles . Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Passion flower is used in the treatment of nervous conditions, and is normally administered as part of a prolonged treatment. Caution: Pregnancy. Avoid large doses in bradycardia, hypotention, moderate to severe depression, pancreatic or liver disease. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 0.25-1g or by infusion Tincture: 1:8 in 45% alcohol, .5-2ml Contraindications: MAO inhibitors, other CNS depressants (check this; more antidepressant classes) Additional comments and history: When Christian missionaries arrived in Synonyms and Common names: Description: Hypericum perforatum is a semi-prostate perennial until it flowers when it becomes erect , reaching a height of up to 3 feet high. It grows in uncultivated, sunny meadows, and roadsides. It prefers areas near water that are higer then the shore-line( you will often see them lining the edges of ditches). The smooth stem branches in its upper part, bearing opposite, sessile, oblong leaves which exhibit numerous dark oil glands. The bright yellow five-petaled flowers, which are borne in a terminal corymb, have over fifty stamens, fused in the lower part into three bundles. The long lanceolate petals and shorter sepals are marked with dark dots. The fruit is a capsule which opens by three valves., and has multiple smooth seeds. Parts used: aerial parts. Only the fresh flowers are used to make the oil. Collection: During the flowering period, from June to August. To make the macerated oil, pour 2 cups of sunflower or almond oil onto 1 oz.of fresh flowers in a glass jar, then place in direct sunlight for about six weeks or longer until the liquid has turned bright red. Strain through muslin and decant off from any watery layer. Indications: Excitability, neuralgia, fibrositis, sciatica. Topically for wounds. Specifically indicated in menopausal neurosis. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Hypericum has an action which results in an improved sense of well-being. It has long been used as a healer in melancholic conditions, depression, exhaustion and convalescence. It is also used to treat conditions where there is a degree of overtension, such as insomnia, cramps and colic of the viscera and uterus, epilepsy, diarrhea , and enuresis in children. Of the many conditions where nervous tension and depression occur together, one of the most common is the problems that can arise during menopause, and Hypericum helps to counter these symptoms. It is best used in mild to moderate depressive states (ICD-10, F32.0, F32.1) not major depressive states. Relaxing actions of the herb are 6-8 weeks. Clinical trials have reported improved sleep quality, an increase in deep sleep phases, and an improvement in cognitive functions as well as significant improvement in mood and levels of interest and activity. In a preliminary study of a Hypericum preparation combined with light therapy in patients with seasonal affective disorders, the antidepressant effect of Hypericum was shown to be enhanced by light therapy. Hypericum has a reputation as an analgesic, and is used either internally or externally to treat neuralgic pain. The infused oil can be applied externally for neuralgia and will ease the pain of sciatica or shingles. It also soothes burns by lowering the temperature of the skin. Hypericum can also be used to treat local and peptic ulcers and inflammation of the lining of the upper digestive tract. Its astringent action is due primarily to the high levels of tannins in the flowers, and the volatile oil has an anti-inflammatory action. Hypericum has been shown to stimulate the formation of granulation tissue, and an antibacterial action, attributed to hyperforin, has been observed experimentally, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus. Some anti-viral activity has been reported for hypericin against the HIV and hepatitis C viruses in-vitro. Caution: There is no evidence of toxicity at therapeutic doses. However, cattle and sheep can develop photosensitivity if they consume the plant in large quantities, and several HIV+ve patients on large doses of Hypericum have reported rash, pruritis and erythema after exposure to UV light. This is thought to be due to the presence of hypericin. Therefore, excessive exposure to bright sunlight should be avoided whilst taking the herb. If a significant response in depressive disorders is not apparent after 6 weeks, the use of Hypericum should be discontinued, however, the antidepressive effect should not be expected until at least two weeks of treatment. The Medicines Control Agency (MCA), acting on the advice of the Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM), has advised that St.John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) should not be taken in conjunction with certain prescribed medicines. The CSM has acted cautiously, but it is aware of the under-reporting of adverse reactions and has the duty of protecting public safety. They refer to Hypericum as a safe herbal remedy, but advise that certain precautions should be taken. Their concern is that Hypericum induces liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes, thereby reducing the blood levels of certain drugs and so reducing their effectiveness. The Hypericum/drug interactions currently under investigation include the following: HIV protease inhibitors (indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir) HIV non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz, nevirapine) Cyclosporin Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, phenytoin) Digoxin Theophylline Oral Contraceptives Warfarin SSRIs (citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline) Triptans (sumatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan) The above list is not exclusive, and further interactions may come to light in the future. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: Dose 2-4 g or by infusion. Liquid Extract: 1:1 in 25% alcohol. Dose 2-4 ml. Tincture: Additional comments and history: The name Hypericum was given by the Greeks to a plant which was placed above religious figures to ward off evil spirits. The common name, Synonyms: Common thyme, Garden thyme, Rubbed thyme, French thyme Description: Thymus is a perennial low aromatic shrub with much-branched woody stems forming dense tufts from which arise tiny, paired opposite leaves on short stalks, each with two minute leaflets at the base. The leaves are 6-8mm long, the underside covered with fine hairs. The flowers are arranged in whorls in the axils of the upper leaves, and are of a typical labiate appearance, pink to lilac in colour. The plant is indigenous to Mediterranean regions and southern Parts used: Leaves and flowering tops, essential oil Collection: The flowering branches are collected between June and August and the leaves stripped off. Indications: Dyspepsia, chronic gastritis, bronchitis, pertussis, asthma, diarrhea in children, enuresis in children, as a gargle for laryngitis and tonsillitis. Specifically indicated in pertussis and bronchitis. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: The volatile oil of Thymus exerts a calming influence on smooth muscle. It is a useful carminative in dyspepsia, and the high tannin content helps to relieve diarrhea. Thymol is twenty times more antiseptic than phenol, but unlike the latter, it does not have an irritant effect on the mucosa and may safely be taken internally. It is active against a variety of intestinal infections and infestations, particularly hookworm and ascarids, and can significantly change the bacterial populations of the gut, actions enhanced by the poor absorption of thymol into the bloodstream. The oil has been shown to be effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts such as Candida albicans. Rosmarinic acid has an anti-inflammatory action. Thymus' bitter component stimulates the appetite, aids a sluggish digestion and improves liver function. Thyme is an effective topical anti-fungal treatment and can be used as a mouthwash and gargle against oral Candida. It may also be used as a gargle in laryngitis and tonsillitis. Thymus can also be used externally as a lotion for infected wounds, or applied to insect bites stings. The tannins provide an appreciable local astringent effect.Thymol is believed to stimulate the immune system. Caution: Excessive internal use of thyme can lead to symptoms of poisoning and to over-stimulation of the thyroid gland. Therapeutic doses of Thymus and thyme oil should be avoided during pregnancy because the herb is a uterine stimulant. As thyme oil can irritate the mucous membranes, it should always be well diluted. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 1-4g or by infusion Liquid Extract: 0.6-4ml Tincture: 1:5 in 45% alcohol, 2-6ml Additional comments and history: The Romans used thyme to impart an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs, and in ancient Thymol is a popular ingredient of mouthwashes and toothpastes and is one of the components of several herbal liniments used to relieve arthritic and muscular pain. It can also be used to kill mosquito larvae. Vervain (Verbena officinalis) Synonyms and Common names: European vervain, Enchanter's plant, Herb of the Cross, Holy herb, Juno's tears, Pigeon's grass, Pigeonweed, Simpler's joy, Herb of Grace Description: Verbena is a slender perennial herb, 30-90cm tall, with a woody stalk and several stiffly erect stems. The lower leaves are obovate, deeply divided and stalked, the upper ones lanceolate, slender, sessile and toothed. Tiny blue flowers appear in long slender spikes in the axis of a bract, becoming denser higher up each spike. The fruit comprises four cylindrical nutlets enclosed in the calyx. Verbena is indigenous to Parts used: the aerial parts Collection: The herb is collected just before the flowers open, usually in July, and dried quickly. Indications: Depression, melancholia, hysteria, generalised seizures, cholecystalgia, jaundice, early stages of fevers. Specifically indicated in depression and the debility of convalescence after fevers, especially influenza. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Verbena strengthens the nervous system whilst relaxing tension and stress. It is used in the treatment of depression and melancholia, particularly following a debilitating illness such as influenza. It is used as a relaxant and antispasmodic remedy in asthma, migraine, insomnia and nervous coughing. Verbenalin, one of the constituents, has a direct action on smooth muscle and also has a potential hypotensive effect. As a diaphoretic, the herb is indicated in the early stages of fever. The glycosides also have a reputed galactagogue and emmenagogue action, and the Chinese use Verbena to treat migraines associated with female sex hormone fluctuations. The galactagogue properties are attributed to aucubin. A luteinising action has been reported, and attributed to inhibition of the gonadotrophic action of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Verbena has been documented to possess weak parasympathetic properties, causing slight contraction of the uterus, and verbenalin exhibits uterine stimulant activity. Verbena is used on the Continent for liver conditions, jaundice and gallstones, and as a gentle but effective laxative. It is a traditional remedy for infected gums and tooth decay, halitosis and tonsillitis. This is supported by the discovery that the glycoside verbenin has a direct effect on glandular secretions, suggesting an effect on the production of saliva. Caution: It should be avoided during pregnancy because it is a uterine stimulant, but it may be taken during labour to stimulate contractions. Preparation and Dosage: TID Dried herb: 2-4g or by infusion Liquid Extract: 1:1 in 25% alcohol, 2-4ml Tincture: 1:1 in 40% alcohol, 5-10ml Additional comments and history: Vervain was one of the sacred herbs of the Druids and was called a sacred plant, by the Romans. Gerard warns against using it for 'witchcraft and sorceries'. It was traditionally believed to be a female aphrodisiac. Until comparatively recently, it was hung round the necks of children to avert infection. It also had a traditional use in the treatment of dropsy, cardioactive glycosides since identified in the plant support this. In Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) Synonyms: Virginian prune, black cherry, black choke, choke cherry, rum cherry Description: Prunus is a large tree, up to 20 feet tall, and is widely distributed in woods throughout Parts used: dried bark Collection: The bark is collected after flowering in mid summer to early autumn. Indications: irritable and persistent cough of bronchitis, pertussis, cough due to increased irritability of respiratory mucosa. Nervous dyspepsia. Therapeutics and Pharmacology: Prunus is an important cough remedy. The cyanogenic glycosides are hydrolysed in the body to glucose, benzaldehyde and hyanocyanic acid, otherwise known as prussic acid. Prussic acid is rapidly excreted via the lungs where it first increases respiration and then sedates the sensory nerves which provoke the cough reflex. Due to its powerful sedative action, it is used primarily in the treatment of irritating and persistent coughs when increasing expectoration is inappropriate, and thus has a role in the treatment of bronchitis and whooping cough and in the racking cough of debility or convalescence. It can be combined with other herbs to control asthma. Both the cyanogenic glycosides and volatile oil help to improve the digestion, and Prunus may be used as a bitter where digestion is sluggish. The cold infusion of the bark may be used as a wash in eye inflammation and as an astringent in diarrhea Caution: Prunus cause drowsiness. Cyanogenic glycosides are moderately toxic, producing cyanic acid on hydrolysis, and should not be taken to excess. The leaves have poisoned cattle. Preparation and Dosage: TID Powdered bark: 0.5-2g or by infusion Additional comments and history: The Native Americans had many uses for Wild Cherry bark including a tea made from the inner bark to ease labour pains, diarrhea and lung problems. Chinese physicians prescribe Prunus yedoensis for coughs.
Synonems: Chamomile, wild chamomile, Anthemidis flores, English chamomile.
Synonyms and Common names: Tall ambrosia, Great ragweed, Horseweed, Horse cane, Richweed, Wild hemp, Bitterweed.
